Archaism - Definition and Examples

An archaism is a word or phrase (or a particular meaning of a word or phrase) that is no longer in common use and is considered extremely old-fashioned. Etymology:  From the Greek, ancient, beginning Pronunciation:  ARE-kay-i-zem Also Known  As:  lexical zombie A  grammatical archaism  is a sentence structure or word order thats no longer in common use in most dialects.   Linguist Tom McArthur notes that literary archaism occurs when a style is modeled on older works, so as to revive earlier practices or achieve the desired effect. (Source: Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, 2005) Examples The old man raised the axe and split the head of John Joel Glanton to the thrapple.(Source: Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian, 1985)[Nick Faldo] speaks in a jaunty, clipped, wised-up vernacular, mixing street-smart patter with solid analysis. His vocabulary is rich in curious archaisms—jeepers, crumbs, gee—and eccentric asides.(Source: Jason Cowley, Nicks Second Coming. The Guardian, Oct. 1, 2006) 19th-Century Archaisms We do not have to go back as far as Elizabethan English or the Middle Ages to encounter archaisms. Here are some from the Victorian and Edwardian eras: beastly (as in so beastly critical) blest, deuced (if I know) capital! (as an exclamation of delight) very civil (of you) confound you! damnable cheek guvnor luncheon pray (come in) (you) rotter spiffing And might we not say that daddy-o is an archaism, even though it was alive and well in the 1960s? (Source: David Crystal, Words, Words, Words. Oxford University Press, 2006) 20th-Century Archaisms Among the technological archaisms Ive had to explain to the Tuned In children—what a record is, why they call it dialing a phone, the fact that, once, you couldnt rewind TV shows—is the fact that, a long time ago, musicians used to make little movies of their songs, and people would watch them on TV. (James Poniewozik, Wake Up and Smell the Cat Food in Your Bank Account. Time magazine, May 2, 2007) Stuff It is rather odd to see that the OED [Oxford English Dictionary] defines the word care as some kind of stuff. This seems at first glance to be a rather nonspecific definition to find in what is arguably the greatest dictionary ever created. But it is actually very specific—just a bit archaic. The word stuff has had a variety of meanings through the ages, and at the time that this definition was written, in 1888, it referred to (among other things) a woollen fabric or material for the gown worn by a junior counsel.(Source: Ammon Shea, Dated Definitions. The New York Times, Aug. 12, 2009) Archaisms and Register It should be added . . . that there is a problem with the identification of archaism, since archaisms are  sometimes not archaic in the register in which they are used. For example, thee and thou are not archaic forms in a certain type of poetic register; they are archaic only in relation to our contemporary day-to-day speech. Thus the use of an archaism can be interpreted as either conforming to a register or looking back to the past (or both). . . . Only by using a dictionary such as the OED, which is a historical dictionary, giving the meanings of words over time, will you be able to find out whether certain words were current or archaic at the time of writing.​  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(Source: Martin Montgomery et al.,  Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2007) The Lighter Side of Archaisms Frank Rossitano: Yo Tray, we got a problem. Tracy Jordan as President Thomas Jefferson: Pray, who be this Tracy Jordan thou speakest of? Frank: Eh, President Jefferson, we got a problem. Tracy: Speaketh. Frank Rossitano: That horse ate your wig. Tracy: Well, stand guard by his rump and await it in his droppings.(Source: Judah Friedlander and Tracy Morgan in Corporate Crush. 30 Rock, 2007)

Social and Economic Analysis of America - 1671 Words

501 Essay Exam Question 1: â€Å"The Measure of America† showed us that ethnic minorities in the United States have higher rates of incarceration, unemployment and poverty, and more health problems than Caucasian Americans. They are also less likely to graduate high school or move on to college. As anecdotes from the Eitzen text revealed ethnic minorities are often forced to accept less desirable jobs, and if they are illegal immigrants their choices are even more limited. Immigrants most learn a new culture and often a new language as well. They face racism and the stigma that they are stealing ‘American’ jobs. If they are illegal, immigrants must also worry about keeping a low profile to avoid deportation. While it has improved, racism still exists in our society. It is hard to raise oneself out of poverty, and if institutions and society are working against you it is even harder. Question 2: Despite campaigns since the 1970’s, women still make only $0.77 for every $1.00 their male colleagues make. They are more likely to be unemployed and living below the poverty threshold. They are also more likely to be the head of a single parent household. Mothers in single parent households must struggle with working, childcare, and providing for their family while trying to get ahead in life. These facts combined meant that there has been a ‘feminization of poverty’. Question 3: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory begins with the individual. Resilience factors forShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Social Institutions And Economic Growth By Comparing Countries From East Asia And Latin America1072 Words   |  5 Pagespolicies in East Asia and Latin America, the existing literature mainly focuses on the government’s role in the nation’s economic growth (e.g., Haggard and Cheng 1987; Krugman 1994; Birdsall and Jaspersen, 1997; Todaro and Smith2003). 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Strategies for Competing China-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategies for Competing in a Changed China. Answer: Analysis of the case study The strategies undertaken in 2004 were appropriate as per the time, the multinational enterprises has to beat the competition in the Chinese market, where the big companies like Motorola already decided to increase their investment. In international business to survive the local players is a big challenge (Williamson Zeng, 2004). Discussing about the first strategy in which the many multinational companies entered the high end market, entering a high end market means not targeting the market that have the maximum number of customers, penetrating into the market targeting the middle class would have been the most appropriate strategy (Armstrong et al., 2015). The strategy of reducing the cost can be said was one of the most effective strategies, once the cost is being reduced then the price of the products will also be decreased thus making the product or service attractive to price sensitive customers (Cavusgil et al., 2014). Recommendations In 2001, the companies missed one of the most important strategies to enter the foreign market. In order to enter a foreign market in partnership with the local players would have been one of the most effective strategies. Collaborating with another company would have reduced the capital for entering the foreign as well as risk of failure of expansion strategy. Joint ventures are one of the most commonly used strategies for entering a foreign market. Buying a Chinese company could have been another effective strategy that would have helped the companies to have a good market share from the very beginning (Jagersma van Gorp, 2003). Apart from the strategies the multinationals could have increased their investment in the research and development department. Before entering an international market it the very important to do industry analysis and competitor analysis, this would have helped the multinationals to know the weaknesses of their competitors and what are the preferences of the customers they are targeting, this could have helped the multinational easily create a competitive advantage over the local players (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Jagersma, P.K D.M. van Gorp, (2003). Still Searching for the Pot of Gold: Doing Business in Todays China, Journal of Business Strategy 24, no. 5 27-35. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited. Williamson, P., Zeng, M. (2004). Strategies for competing in a changed China.MIT Sloan Management Review,45(4), 85.

Principles of Law LLB Law

Question: Describe the facts of Principles of Law for LLB Law. Answer: Part A The visit and observation Name and address of the court visited I visited Wood Green Crown Court which is located at Woodall House, Lordship Lane, London N22 5LF. Date visited and time spent at Court I visited the Wood Green Crown Court on 3 March 2016. I entered the Court premises at 10:30 am and left at 13:30 pm. Thus, I spend three and an half hours observing the said court and its proceedings[1]. Details of Court officials During my visit, I observed two different types of court officials. These court officials were court clerk and court usher. I was confused as to the responsibilities of these officials, that is when the court usher introduced me to the court clerk stating the following obligations he requires to perform. I observed that a court clerk is usually responsible for assessing and helping the judge and procedure of the proceedings. The court clerk needs to ensure that everything is in place and everyone is right on time for the court proceedings to start. In case any issues arises, the court clerk informs the judges about the same also helping the judge to update and prepare documents in relation to each proceedings conducted[2]. Additionally, a 50 year old man dressed in a suit introduced himself to me when I first entered a courtroom[3]. He first introduced me to the court clerk and then stated he is the court usher who is responsible for the overall smooth working of a proceeding. It is the duty of a court ushers to ensure that the lawyers, defendants, witnesses and the judges are present in the right position to attend the proceeding. Moreover, the court usher is responsible for calling out the witnesses and the defendants whenever required along with administering oath. The said court usher also stated that Sworn Ushers are responsible for escorting the jury and the judges in and outside courtroom and taking messages from judges and jury. The court usher was a great help to me as he guided me where to sit after all the said explanation. In the courtroom I entered, a female judge, two barristers and two lawyers were also present. Description of Judge and Jury of the Crown Court visitied The courtroom I entered had a female judge around 50 years in age. She was dressed in court formals and looked very used polished and sophisticated. As she was dealing with accused of tender and young age, she had a very sensitive approach and at the same time appeared strict whenever required[4]. Case summary I observed two different cases. The first case related to the offence of grievous hurt. In the said case, a college student harmed another student causing him to suffer serious injuries. The said case was presented by two barristers and lawyer for each side. The defense layer stated that there was no clear evidence to prove the said event demanding dismissal. However, the claimant lawyer stated the presence of evidence in the college CCTV. However, the said case was adjourned and police was asked to bring the CCTV footage in the next hearing. The next case involved a 25 year old man who was caught possessing Class A drugs. He was present with is aunty and a probation officer and the said man pleaded guilty. The lawyer of the said man stated that the 25 year old man is now reformed and is working positively with his aunty. The judge stated she will sentence the man to 12 months of jail and release him occasionally to serve suspended sentence. The probation officer was asked to report the conduct of the said man quarterly. Whether the defendants where legally represented In the two cases which I observed, both the accused were represented by lawyers. In fact, in my opinion, both the accused were aware of their offences and in the second case, the accused pleaded guilty and the lawyer just helped him to get a considerably low order or sentence[5]. Defendants understating of the case In my opinion, the lawyers in both the cases did a great task to do the best for their clients. In the first case, the defendant lawyers of the student who was accused request dismissal of case due to lack of evidence and the claimant lawyers stated to provide CCTV footage as evidence. Moreover, in the second case, the lawyer of the man who was caught possessing drugs did a great job in lowering the sentence of the man and making the judge see the sensitive side of the offender. Thus, proper representation can be very helpful like in the second case observed by me. In my opinion, the offenders and the parties in the said two cases understood what was happening in the proceeding, however, I believe in complex proceedings of murder, rape, the complex proceeding must be difficult for a layman to grab[6]. Part B There are many judiciary bodies in the United Kingdom amongst which the Crown Courts are established to hear serious criminal offences which are headed by a judge or a jury[7]. In the said criminal cases, the judge makes the orders using appropriate law and manages the proceedings of the trail. Moreover, the jury in the said cases considers the evidences after which it decides whether the accused is guilty or innocent. In criminal cases where jury considers the accessed guilty, the judge passes the sentence where accused is sentenced to appropriate prison term. It is the duty of the judge of Crown Courts to ensure that the jury is aware of its legal position at every proceeding so that the law is not defeated[8]. The duties of the judge in a Crown Court are as follows:- The judge in a Crown Court is in charge of the trail. It is the duty of the judge of the Crown Court to ensure that the proceedings are fairly conducted[9] The judge in a Crown Court sentences the accused whenever found guilty The judges in the Crown Courts have the power to override the guilty decision of the jury, however, the said power is rarely used in exceptional cases[10] Thus, in the said case I believe the female judge who was heading the criminal proceeding observed by me did everything to fulfill her duty as a judge of the Crown Court. In the first case, where a student was accused of causing grievous hurt to another student, the judge called or the jury to look for the evidence. However, as the evidence was not available in the present proceeding which I witnessed, the jury was called upon the review the evidences in the following date of proceeding. In the said case, the female judge managed the trial, the said judge did not dismiss the case before reviewing evidence claimed to be presented which makes the trial fair[11]. Thus, in the first case, the said female judge did everything to fulfill her duties as a judge of the Crown Court. In the second case, a 25 year old man was caught possessing Group A drugs. In the said case, the attitude of the judge was very comforting and friendly and she spoke to the accused in relation to the facts of the c ase very casually[12]. I observed that in the Crown Court, judges are given certain discretionary powers which can be used whenever required or whenever the judge feels appropriate to use the same. In the said case, the female judge used her discretionary power to sentence the 25 year old man with community services which is allowed under the statute of England and Wales. The female judge was very friendly and appreciated the man for pleading his guilt and welcoming the reformation in his life by offering serve to the community and reforming his lifestyle including the new job he has initiated[13]. The female judge showed her sensitive side in trying to encourage offenders to become respected citizens of the society, thus, the said man was freed on the condition that he continues to undertake the training and help from the probation officer until he ensures the Court that he is a perfect and an active member of the society. The judge in the said case considered the fact that the sad offence was the first offence of the accused and concentrated more on reformation than punishment which proves that the said female judge is very efficient and believes in not only punishing offenders but also reforming them to leave the world of crime and live respectfully as citizens of the society. Thus, the female judge in the courtroom I visited possessed every quality and fulfilled every duty required to be fulfilled by an efficient and an experience judge of the Crown Court. Part C My first visit to the Crown Courts taught me how the English law actually operates. In theory, we study courtrooms proceedings and the attitude of judges and lawyers to be very serious and engaging, however my experience made me realize that the proceeding in reality including the attitude of the personnel in the courtroom is very friendly and clam. I was welcomed in the Court where the guard introduced me to the receptionist who assisted me to visit Courtroom No. 6 where proceeding had just begun. Crown Courts deliver justice that is fair and detailed and a trial can take months to complete from the date of its first proceeding. Thus, the proceedings in the Crown Courts are quick to the point and yet review every detail of the case. There are majorly four types of activities which take place in a Crowns Court. These activities are appeal from magistrate Courts decision, sentencing defendants from magistrate courts, conducting jury trails and sentencing accused who are considered gui lty during or after trail in the Crown Courts. The Crown Courts was established to hear criminal trials and there is no further appeal above the decision of the said Court except High Court. Thus, the Crown Courts stand right in the middle having a superior position than the Magistrate Courts in United Kingdom but lower than the Hugh Courts. Thus, my visit to the Crown Court taught me a lot about the hierarchy along with the manner in which the lawyers, judges and barristers are dressed in a courtroom and the elegance which they criminal carry in conducting themselves. I feel my visit was worth it and wish I could stay longer or re-visit to understand much more about criminal proceedings of more serious offences and also experience the conduct of lawyers and judges along with jury in criminal matters which are complex and require a lot of application of law to present facts. I would love to visit a Crown Court and observe many different proceedings relating to different offences and learn to develop the thinking which lawyers and judges apply while arguing and deciding a criminal case. Additionally, I would also like to personally speak to the judges and the lawyers in the Crown Courts and ask them to share their rare and valued experience with me or guide me as to how I can learn and observe law in the practical world of courtrooms[14]. However, the journey of arguing a matter in my opinion is a long process which is expensive in nature as the Crown Courts are established in geographically bigger cities o the United Kingdom[15]. In my next visit, I would thus, also like to know the approximate cost of filing or arguing a criminal matter in the Crowns Court in the United Kingdom. The best feature I observed about the English legal system was that used both the claimant and the accused were given equal chance to present their case with or without the help of lawyers which makes the trial proceeding fair and guarantees delivery of justice in the appropriate mann er. Thus, the said visit to the Wood Green Crown Court has enhanced my knowledge about how law is practically applied in courtrooms and how judges have powers which can be used in exceptional cases f the statute permits. The said visit has also increased my curiosity to personally communicate or assist a lawyer to gain over all and a deeper insight of the criminal law in the United Kingdom[16]. Bibliography Ashworth, Andrew, and J. Roberts. "The origins and nature of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales."Sentencing guidelines: exploring the english model. Oxford University Press, Oxford(2013): 1-12. Ashworth, Andrew, and Jeremy Horder.Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2013. Ashworth, Andrew, and Mike Redmayne.The criminal process. Oxford University Press, USA, 2010. Bean, Philip.Drugs and crime. Routledge, 2014. Board, Judicial Studies. "Crown court bench book: Directing the jury."London, UK: Author(2010). Dicey, Albert Venn.The law of the Constitution. Vol. 1. OUP Oxford, 2013. Easton, Susan, and Christine Piper.Sentencing and punishment: The quest for justice. Oxford University Press, 2012. George, E. "UK Computer Misuse ActThe Trojan Virus Defence Regina v Aaron Caffrey, Southwark Crown Court, 17 October 2003."Digital Investigation1 (2015). Law, Jonathan, ed.A dictionary of law. OUP Oxford, 2015. Malleson, Kate, and Richard Moules.The legal system. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2010. Radnor, Zoe, and Robert Johnston. "Lean in UK Government: internal efficiency or customer service?."Production Planning Control24.10-11 (2013): 903-915. Roberts, Paul, and Adrian Zuckerman.Criminal evidence. Oxford University Press, 2010. Slapper, Gary, and David Kelly.The English Legal System: 2011-2012. Taylor Francis, 2011. Tomkins, Adam. "The role of the courts in the political constitution."University of Toronto Law Journal60.1 (2010): 1-22. Ward, Jenni. "Are problem solving courts the way forward for justice."Howard League What Is Justice working papers2 (2014): 2014. Young, David, et al.Abuse of process in criminal proceedings. Tottel Pub., 2012. [1] Board, Judicial Studies. "Crown court bench book: Directing the jury."London, UK: Author(2010). [2] Ashworth, Andrew, and Mike Redmayne.The criminal process. Oxford University Press, USA, 2010. [3] Tomkins, Adam. "The role of the courts in the political constitution."University of Toronto Law Journal60.1 (2010): 1-22. [4] Roberts, Paul, and Adrian Zuckerman.Criminal evidence. Oxford University Press, 2010. [5] Malleson, Kate, and Richard Moules.The legal system. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2010. [6] Slapper, Gary, and David Kelly.The English Legal System: 2011-2012. Taylor Francis, 2011 [7] Easton, Susan, and Christine Piper.Sentencing and punishment: The quest for justice. Oxford University Press, 2012. [8] Radnor, Zoe, and Robert Johnston. "Lean in UK Government: internal efficiency or customer service?."Production Planning Control24.10-11 (2013): 903-915. [9] Ashworth, Andrew, and Jeremy Horder.Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2013. [10] Dicey, Albert Venn.The law of the Constitution. Vol. 1. OUP Oxford, 2013. [11] Ward, Jenni. "Are problem solving courts the way forward for justice."Howard League What Is Justice working papers2 (2014): 2014. [12] Bean, Philip.Drugs and crime. Routledge, 2014. [13] Ashworth, Andrew, and J. Roberts. "The origins and nature of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales."Sentencing guidelines: exploring the english model. Oxford University Press, Oxford(2013): 1-12. [14] Young, David, et al.Abuse of process in criminal proceedings. Tottel Pub., 2012. [15] Law, Jonathan, ed.A dictionary of law. OUP Oxford, 2015. [16] George, E. "UK Computer Misuse ActThe Trojan Virus Defence Regina v Aaron Caffrey, Southwark Crown Court, 17 October 2003."Digital Investigation1 (2015).